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| 386 |
| | | St Jerome settles in Bethlehem, where his holy women organize a monastery for his residence and a nearby convent for themselves | |
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| c. 400 |
| | | The earlier of the two Talmuds, consisting of commentaries on the Mishnah, is collected by rabbis in Palestine | |
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| c. 405 |
| | | St Jerome, in Bethlehem, completes the Latin translation of the Bible which later becomes known as the Vulgate | |
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| c. 500 |
| | | The scribes known as Masoretes safeguard the ancient Hebrew of the Torah by their careful copying of the text | |
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| 614 |
| | | Jerusalem falls to the Persian emperor Khosrau II after a siege of a month, and it is said that 60,000 Christians are massacred | |
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| 615 |
| | | When the Persians sack Jerusalem, they carry off to Ctesiphon Christianity's most sacred relic - the True Cross | |
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| 638 |
| | | The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control | |
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| 691 |
| | | The Dome of the Rock is completed as a Muslim shrine on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem | |
|  | Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock
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| 921 |
| | | The Jewish calendar, deriving originally from the example of Babylon, is given its lasting form | |
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| c. 930 |
| | | Saadiah Gaon writes a seminal work of Jewish philosophy in his Book of Beliefs and Opinions | |
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